Traditional Medicines Essay Example

Traditional Medicines Essay Alternative medicine is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine, but is not based on evidence gathered with the scientific method. It is any of a wide range of health care practices, products and therapies, using methods of medical diagnosis and treatments which, at least up to the end of the twentieth century, were typically not included in the degree courses of established medical schools teaching medicine, including surgery, in the tradition of the Flexner Report or similar. 1 In the hierarchy of healers and specialists in Philippine folk medicine, the albularyo may be referred to as the general practitioner, knowledgeable in most of the folkloric modalities, usually especially versed in the use of medicinal herbs. The hilot ambiguously refers both to the manghihilot and magpapaanak. The manghihilot specializes in techniques and treatments applicable to sprains, fractures and muskuloskeletal conditions. The magpapaanak, besides prenatal visits and delivering babies, often performs the suob ritual. Somehealers limit their practice of folkloric therapies to 1 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Alternative_medicine more specialized modalities. The mangluluop specializes in diagnostic techniques, usually referring the patients after diagnosis to the albularyo, medico, or manghihilot for definitive treatments. Most of these healers consider their healing craft as God-given, a calling from a supernatural being, and consequently, their healing practices are profusely infused with prayers and religious rituals, performed through mediation with the Holy Spirit2 In the rural areas, its use is in the purview of the albularyo for a variety of febrile conditions, a childs incessant crying or failure to thrive. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Medicines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Medicines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Medicines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The TAWAS is used to cross (sign of the cross) the forehead and other suspicious or ailing parts of the body while prayers are being whispered (bulong). It is then placed on glowing embers, removed when it starts to crack, then transferred to a small receptacle of water. As it cools, its softened form spreads on the water surface and assumes a shape that may suggest the cause of the illness, often one of several indigenous forces: dwarfs, devils or other evil spirits (na-nuno, na-kulam, na-demonyo). The water in the vehicle is then used to anoint the ailing part or parts of the body to counteract the evil forces or illness. The tawas is then discarded and thrown westward, preferably into the setting sun. 3 2 http://www. stuartxchange. com/Albularyo. html 3 http://www. stuartxchange. com/Tawas. html Some started their healing craft as albularyos, medicos or hilots. Although their healing ways differ, they share an attribution of their healing power to a higher being often, a gift bestowed on them by the Holy Spirit; or, that they are merely healing mediums of the Holy Spirit. Most remembers a divine encounter, a mystical experience, or in their childhood or early adult life, a spiritual possession or being entered by a being, and a life thereafter, being guided into the path of healing. On one end of the spectrum of faith healers, there are those like the albularyos, manghihilots and other healers, their healing rituals replete with ingredients of religiosity, icons, prayers and invocations, using the same divining ways of tawas and luop, diagnosing black elves, evil spirits, possessions and sorcery as causes of maladies, dispensing their fringe concoctions of treatments. 4 Public school teachers in Zaragoza Nueva Ecija have a strong belief in traditional healers. It was observed that almost all patients seek consult first to a traditional healer. This led us into conducting a study on traditional healers. Using alternative medicine has several implications for public health. Wrong takes of drugs and its doses can lead to liver and kidney damage as well as many complications of our internal organs. Poor medication will be a rapid increase in chronic diseases. Delay diagnostic and prevention of non communicable diseases can lead to morbidity and mortality. 4 http://www. stuartxchange. com/Albularyo. html#FaithHealers STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study entitled â€Å"ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE, AS PERCIEVED BY ZARAGOZA NUEVA ECIJA PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS, IT’ S IMPLICATION TO HEALTH. † Basically, this seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of a. Age b. Gender c. Religion d. Occupation(title) e. Number of children f. Current Marital Status 2. What are the effects of alternative medicine to the public school teachers of Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija? 3. 1 Advantages 3. 2 Disadvantages 3. What are the reasons why do these people patronize traditional medicine? 4. 3 Aspects of Religious beliefs 4. 4 Aspects of Culture 4. What are their perceptions regarding faith healers? 5. What is the implication to health? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY To us students. By conducting this study, we shall learn about the roots of traditional healing, where did the belief come from and how was it developed. We will be able to differentiate the beliefs and practices that are beneficial or harmful to patients so as to determine if there is a need to correct or reinforce. To the respondents. It is important that we correct misconceptions regarding traditional healing, to prevent them from being confirmed, and from generating further misconceptions. It allows us to respect each other’s views considering that we live in a diverse world. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The scope of our study is for the school public teachers of Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija who and perceived albularyo as their alternative forms of treatment. We have a total of 80 respondents, 24 teachers are from Zaragoza National High School, 12 teachers from Sto. Rosario (Y) Elementary School, 12 teachers from F. B. Mesina Elementary School, 12 teachers from Don Cirilio B. Acosta Elementary School, and 20 teachers from Zaragoza Central School . This study does not cover any private school teachers in Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined to enrich understanding of their usage. 1. Alternative medicine- is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine, but is not based on evidence gathered with the scientific method. 2. Purview- the scope of operation or concern of something 3. Rural area- is a geographic area that is located outside cities and towns. 4. Surgery- is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance. 5. Teacher- is a person who provides education for pupils (children) and students (adults). The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. 6. Urban area- is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. 7. Zaragoza is a third class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The Municipality of Zaragoza is located at the southern edge of Nueva Ecija bordering the town of La Paz, Tarlac which, due to its proximity, is more closely economically coherent with each other. CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature FOREIGN LITERATURE Around the time of the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), medical doctors were not considered to fulfill major societal roles. In fact, the practice of medicine was seen as more of a part-time avocation due to the fact that the majority of citizens labeled as doctors also took on full-time occupations such as judge, magistrate, farmer, or merchant. This left little room for private or hospital practice, and as a result, midwives and lay practitioners took care of most medical matters including births, injuries, and illness through the use of herbal medicines and teas, salves, emetics, and purgative medicines. Yet, by the beginning of the 19th century, conventional medicine was beginning to grow. Young men left family businesses, apprenticeships, and clerkships to pursue medicine in prominent colleges around the U. S. Eventually, the use of full-time medical professionals far outweighed the use of midwives and lay practitioners. Despite the growing popularity of the medical profession, patients often labeled conventional medical practices as expensive, imprecise, and dangerous. In response to these concerns, a number of citizens formed the Popular Health Movement (PHM) during the 1830s and 1840s. PHM supporters sought to alter conventional medical practices by incorporating and emphasizing some of the ideas that midwives and lay practitioners had long used to heal their patients. These included herbal remedies, proper nutrition, clean water, exercise, disease prevention, the bodys innate ability to heal itself, and health education. 1 Complementary and alternative medicine is a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CAM includes all such practices and ideas self-defined by their users as preventing or treating illness or promoting health or well-being. Boundaries within CAM and between the CAM domain and that of the dominant system are not always sharp or fixed. 2 1 http://www. medaus. com/index. php? view=articlecatid=2%3Atest-area-2id=23%3Athe-history-of-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-in-the-united-states-and-beyond-option=com_contentItemid=24 2 https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Alternative_medicine LOCAL LITERATURE A teacher or schoolteacher is a person who provides education for pupils (children) and students (adults). The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching. 1 A study of alternative medicine in the Philippines is, inevitably, a study of the origins of its people and the amalgam of cultures and influences: Centuries of Spanish colonial rule and the indelible consequences of its religion, hundreds of years of trade with China and assimilation of its healing arts, tribal and provincial diversities with its profusion of folklore and mythologies, all redounding into the Filipinos easy disposition for superstitions and the allure for the esoteric, mystical, and fringe. Certainly, western medicine prevails in the metropolitan areas, with its heart centers and hospitals plush with the accoutrements of modern medicine, in the provincial capitals and cities equipped with the diagnostic machineries essential for the commerce of mainstream medicine. But for the majority of the rural poor including the 1 https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Teacher urban-suburban poor there are the chronic crippling economicdisabilities that make mainstream health care unaffordable, often accessed only as a debt-inducing last resort. For so many in the rural areas, health and healing are consigned and relegated to alternative forms of treatment: hand-me-down herbal concoctions or some form of rural alchemy; prayer-based folkloric therapies; a visit to the faith healer; a consultation with the albularyo or hilot with their bagful of indigenous modalities, dispensing treatments often spiced with a bulong, orasyon or occasional doses of pharmacy-based therapies. 2 The number of faith healers in the Philippines is uncertain; a community in flux, uncountable. They may easily number over ten thousand, many known only in the localitys word-of-mouth directory, preferring to practice in the anonymity and isolation of their deep rural habitats. Only a small number practice bare-handed surgery; and of these, only a handful considered outstanding. 3 2 http://www. stuartxchange. com/AltMedIntro. html 3http://www. stuartxchange. com/FaithHealers. html CHAPTER 3 Method, Procedures and Sources of Data This chapter involves the methodology, research instrument, the sources of data and the statistical treatment of data. METHOD OF RESEARCH The researchers used the descriptive method in this study. A descriptive research is a study that describes the nature of the phenomenon under investigation after a survey of current trends, practices and conditions. Descriptive studies involve analysis of an extremely broad range of phenomena, the result of such analysis are a comprehensive presentation and interpretation of statistical tabulations of data of yield by a survey. 1 SUBJECT OF THE STUDY The respondent of the study were the 24 teachers of Zaragoza National High School, 12 teachers of Sto. Rosario (Y) Elementary School, 12 teachers of F. B. Mesina Elementary School, 12 teachers of Don Cirilio B. Acosta Elementary School and 20 teachers of Zaragoza Central School Their perceptions regarding the effects, advantages and disadvantages of alternative medicine in their life is being discussed. 1 Crestita Barrientos-Tan. , A Research Guide in Nursing Education, 4th Edition. , copyrighted in 1997, 2003, 2006, pg 262 SAMPLING PROCEDURE The researcher will use the simple random sampling wherein the selection of samples on random basis from a sampling frame. Each element has an equal chance or probability of being chosen as subject of the study. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA Statistics is one way of getting the information’s organized. To have a general view of the whole scenario of the study, statistical tool is used. This also includes the scaling system, which is used by the proponents as a technique to monitor the respondent’s interpretation of facts. 2 After the distribution and collection of the instrument, the responses are tallied by using the frequency, mean, weighted mean and ranking. Below are the Formulas used to arrive to the computation used by the Statistical Tool: 2 http://www. scribd. com/doc/11757473/Thesis-Chapter-2-3-Final Where n = number of respondents who are perceived pseudoscience T = total number of respondent. Mean = F(X1 + X2 + †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Xn) n Where: F = Frequency that a given X was chosen by the respondents X = Represents any of the numerical ratings 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 represents, excellent, very good, good, fair, poor n = Total number of respondents Weighted mean WM = TFV N Where: TFV= stands for total frequency value N= stands for the total number of respondents The response options were assigned could be determined with equivalents and scale below: ValueScaleInterpretation 13. 50=aboveVery dissatisfied 22. 50-3. 49Dissatisfied 31. 50-2. 49Satisfied 41. 49 -belowVery satisfied Please indicate your response to the following statements. | | Strongly Agree| Agree| Disagree| Strongly Disagree| I have faith in traditional healers. | | | | | | | I believe that their supernatural healing-power is given by God. | | | | | | | I have had positive experiences in consulting traditional healers. | | | | | | | I will recommend traditional healers to my friends. | | | | | | | I consult first traditional healers than true doctors. | | | | | | | It is safe to consult traditional healers. | | | | | | | It does not cost expensive. | | | | | | | | What is your reason/s in patronizing traditional healers as your alternative medication? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________| Your co-operation in completing this study by responding to the following questions would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. Mark for your answer. Name of the school: School’s address: Name: Age a. 35 and below__ b. 36-45__ c. 46-55__ d. 56 and above__ Gender a. Male__ b. Female__ Position a. Principal__ b. Head teacher__ c. Master teacher__ d. Classroom teacher__ e. Others: Please kindly state ____________________ Religion a. Roman Catholic__ b. Iglesia Ni Cristo__ c. Born Again__ d. Muslim__ e. Protestant__ f. United Methodist__ g. Others: Please specify __________________ Current Marital Status a. Single__ b. Married__ c. Separated__ d. Divorced__ e. Widowed__ Number of children ____________ Average how long you spend time in consulting traditional healers a. Below 1 hour__ b. 1-2 hours__ c. 2-3 hours__ d. 3 hours and above __ Past or current health problem/s that you consulted to traditional healers (included your family) a. Nakagat ng hayop (aso, ahas atbp) __ b. Nakulam__ c. Nanganak__ d. Namatanda__ e. Nagpatuli__ f. Nausog__ g. Nagpatawak__ h. Nagpahilot__ i. Nagpasuob__ j. Nagpadasal__ k. Others: Please specify _________________ How much money did you spend on consulting traditional healers? a. Below 100 pesos__ b. 100-300 pesos__ c. 300-500 pesos__ d. 500 and above__

Canadian T3 Tax Slips for Trust and Mutual Funds Income

Canadian T3 Tax Slips for Trust and Mutual Funds Income A Canadian T3 tax slip, or Statement of Trust Income Allocations and Designations, is prepared and issued by financial administrators and trustees to tell you and the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) how much income you received from investment in mutual funds in non-registered accounts, from business income trusts or income from an estate for a given tax year. Quebec residents receive the equivalent Relevà © 16 or R16 tax slip. Deadline for T3 Tax Slips Unlike most other tax slips, T3 tax slips do not have to be mailed until the last day of March the year after the calendar year to which the T3 tax slips apply. Sample T3 Tax Slip Canadian Tax Form T3 2018.   Canadian Revenue Agency The Canadian government creates a new T3 each year, so be sure your advisor downloads the most recent form. That site includes a standard pdf version of the form that the financial administrator of your trustee can print and fill out; and an electronic version that allows him or her to fill it out online. The sample T3 tax slip  from the CRA above is from the 2018 tax year and shows you what to expect. The information required for this form includes your recipient identification number (social insurance number or business number), the cash amount of income from dividends you will need to report, capital gains, capital gains which are eligible for a deduction, and any other income. Most of that will come from your relevant financial administrator per trust or mutual fund. See the second page of the downloaded PDF form for more information on what is included in each box. Filing T3 Tax Slips With Your Income Tax Return When you file a paper income tax return, include copies of each of the T3 tax slips you receive. If you file your income tax return using NETFILE or EFILE, keep copies of your T3 tax slips with your records for six years in case the CRA asks to see them. If you decide to file your T3 slips online, you can use either Internet file transfer (XML) or web forms. Details on that process are available on the Canadian Revenue Agency website, Filing Information Returns Electronically. Missing T3 Tax Slips If you have trust or mutual funds income and havent received a T3 tax slip as you reach the CRA filing date, get in touch with the relevant financial administrator or trustee. If necessary, file your income tax return by the deadline anyway to avoid penalties for filing your income taxes late. Calculate the income and any related deductions and credits as closely as you can using any information you have. Include a note with the name and address of the financial administrator or trustee, the type and amount of trust or mutual funds income and related deductions, and what you have done to get a copy of the missing T3 tax slip. Include copies of any statements you used in calculating the income and deductions for the missing T3 tax slip. Other Tax Information Slips Other tax information slips include: T4 - Statement of Remuneration PaidT4A - Statement of Pension, Retirement, Annuity, and Other IncomeT4A(OAS) - Statement of Old Age SecurityT4A(P) - Statement of Canada Pension Plan BenefitsT4E - Statement of Employment Insurance and Other BenefitsT4RSP - Statement of RRSP IncomeT5 - Statement of Investment Income

Trends That Influence Effective Learning Assignment

Trends That Influence Effective Learning - Assignment Example Proper instructional design should promote the transfer of information from the known to the unknown to enable learners to link up the current to the past, and be able to prepare for the future. The efficiency of every trend of instruction should be evaluated scientifically, or through observations to ensure significant results that may facilitate easy transition of knowledge and skills. Promoting performance in education, one should come up with various instructional blueprint models such as the ADDIE process. This paper shall indicate how this model of instruction promotes instruction. According to Morrison et al (2010) ADDIE process was established in the University of Florida, and was meant for military training servicemen, who needed curriculum development processes. Its present version was developed, and revised in mid 1980’s. ADDIE process involves the five treads founded in this model. They include; analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluation. These five steps have an influence that will enable effective learning. Analyze; this involves an instructor collecting information concerning the learners, identifying the topics, and the content that should be covered. It is in this step that the instructors give a layout of the projects objectives that need to be achieved. This enhances and gives meaning to the content since it makes learning to be relevant and achievable. Objectives serve as pointers of goal setting in education. When an instructor is developing a pedagogical way of delivering information, one must ensure that he comes up with objectives that need to be addressed. In cases, where these goals are not met, then learning may not have taken place. Therefore, for useful learning and teaching to be identified proper tools and materials should be applied to improve instruction. Design; this is the second step that enables instructional designers to develop their projects using the information received from the analysis stage. It is at this point that the instructor shows how he plans to ensure that learning has been achieved. The content is broken down in to basic units that can be easily understood by learners. The instructors use elementary concepts as foundations to build complex ideas. In addition, the instructor shows activities which will involve learners that will portray an achievement of goals in education. Develop; this is where activities that need to be implemented are identified and developed for effective leaning. Materials that should be used in the design are collected and brought together. The instructor, at this level makes sure that the models for the design are available to enhance the achievement of the goals. Implement; content is the subject matter that the instructor intends to pass to the learners. This suggests that content is a significant factor to be considered, when designing teaching approaches. Therefore, it is at this stage that the content is build up together with the tools and materials of learning that are needed to facilitate the transition of knowledge and skills (Morrison et al 2010). Evaluate; as mentioned above, goals indicate the route map, and the foundation of effective learning. They guide the instructors on how to deliver their content to the learners. Therefore, assessment of these goals is necessary to test the achievement of the learning process. According to Morrison et al (2010), content should be in agreement with the goals

Developing Professional Practice in HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Developing Professional Practice in HR - Essay Example are the qualities that facilitate successful performance of HR professionals and that give an organisation the ability to compete effectively in a highly competitive business world. The objective of this small-scale piece of research is to find out the specific HR competencies that actual service organisations, specifically those in the hospitality industry, value most. The researcher interviewed several HR personnel from three service organisations: a hotel, a restaurant, and transportation. Majority of the HR personnel interviewed believe that HR professionals should have personal integrity. Most of them named good interpersonal skills and personal communication as the most important HR competencies. HR professionals have to learn the skill of building a relationship that is based on trust. Trust consequently builds motivation and personal integrity. HR professionals have a good chance of taking part in their organisations’ strategic planning activity if they are able to build trust. Nevertheless, most of the HR personnel interviewed ranked competency in strategic performance the lowest. This possibly implies that HR professionals in these service organisations are incapable in terms of strategic decision-making and management of organisational culture. This finding is very important because HR professionals must be capable of determining, building, and integrating organisational cultures that contribute to the successful implementation of business strategies and competitive strategies. Moreover, if HR professionals do not have the ability to effectively manage or cope with change, they would have difficulties dealing or communicating with important people to guarantee prompt decision-making and appropriate resource allocation. HR professionals should acquire the necessary qualities of an effective strategic business expert. Most scholars believe that HR professionals should first aspire to become a strategic business expert then eventually progress to key

Quality in Service Organisations (Organisational Management) Essay

Quality in Service Organisations (Organisational Management) - Essay Example It is based on the total experience of the customer with the organization including all levels and categories of staff and its systems. It is based on the customer’s perceptions of the organizational values, briefs and guiding principles. In case of products, it involves not only meeting the customer needs but also a commitment to make the customer successful in his field of operations and give him a feeling of joy and happiness in dealing with the supplier. For internal customers, it provides for satisfaction between departments based on the agreement on coordinated measures to be taken for up gradation f quality. In short, it focuses on all functions and emphasis that total quality is a company wide effort to improve all departments. What did not seem obvious in first instance, is that quality is not always about big improvements. It is the focus on little things that matter in service. Elephants don’t bite; it is the black flies that get us (Ahluwalia, 2003). Chickeeduck was established in 1990. The company at its inception recognized the need for quality children’s wear at a reasonable price and set about to fill that niche in the market. Chickeeduck markets a full range of children’s wear and accessories catering for new born babies, toddlers and children up to 14 years old, covering such items as basic t-shirts, sweaters, outerwear, underwear, gloves, bibs, baby blankets and baby sleeping bags ( Chickeeduck, PDF). Chickeeduck is Hong Kong’s biggest independent children’s retailer operating 25 shops in the most prestigious shopping malls in triple A locations. Chickeeduck has a long association with regional centres having operated outlets in Singapore and Indonesia for some years. More recently the company has expanded both through its own outlets and franchises into Korea, Saudi Arabia, Macau and potentially its biggest market China, increasing its total number

States and Properties of Crystalline Material

States and Properties of Crystalline Material The crystalline state: In general, solids might be classified in crystalline or amorphous. On the one hand, the crystalline solids comprise a regular set of molecules, atoms or ions into a rigid lattice which is characteristic of each substance. Thus, most crystals are anisotropic (the cubic system is an exception), namely, depending of the direction in which their properties are measured they can change. On the other hand, the amorphous solids were considered to be disordered crystalline solids (Stachurski, 2011) but many amorphous solids do not have a crystalline form, therefore, amorphous solids could be defined as substances with a random arrangement of atoms or molecules. Thus, amorphous solids are isotropic because their properties do not vary with the direction they are measured. Some examples of amorphous materials are glass, metals, polymers or thin films. Amorphous solids are less stable than crystalline ones and they can be converted into a desirable shape by molding them (Colfen and Meldrum, 20 08). This provides them importance in the crystallization field since they can work as amorphous precursors to form crystalline phases. Crystalline material can be divided in single crystals and polycrystalline materials. On the one hand, a perfect single crystal could be defined as a crystalline solid with a continuous and unbroken lattice and with no grain boundaries. However, single crystals without defects or dislocations are very difficult to find in the nature or to synthetize in a laboratory. Thus, single crystals with curved surfaces are characteristic of many biominerals. Moreover, a definition just based in the crystal lattice imperfections is not possible because for example a polycrystal or a mesocrystal show the same diffraction of a single crystal, making it difficult distinguish them. Therefore, a practical definition for a single crystal was given by Colfen and Meldrum (2008) such â€Å"a single crystal is a solid body with a large coherence length, which shows a diffraction behaviour characteristic of a perfect three-dimensional alignment of its building units†. On the other hand, a polycrysta lline particle is formed when single crystals or grains are agregated together in random orientations. A substance with the ability of crystallizing into different crystal structures shows polymorphism. The different polymorphs of a substance are chemically identical but exhibit different physical properties. Polymorphism is important in different fields such as pharmaceuticals, pigments, foods or agrochemicals because the properties of the solid-state structure depend on the polymorph. Hence, the study of how to predict and control the polymorphism is a field of high interest. Changes in the temperature, solvent or the use of additives can be used to control the formation of different polymorphs. Examples of different solids that present polymorphism are Calcium Carbonate which can crystallize in three polymorphs namely calite, aragonite and vaterite, or Carbon with its two polymorphs graphite and diamond. The crystals can be classified into different general systems according to the table below. Table1. The seven crystal systems. Copied from ref. Different polymorphs can have different crystal system, for example the Silicon dioxide crystallize in three polymorphs namely cristobalite (regular), tridymite (hexagonal) and quartz (trigonal). They also can present different habit which is the shape that a crystal adopts depending on the occupation of each crystal face and the grade of growth of each face. The crystals might grow faster in one direction than in another and it confers them different forms or habits. Unless is not the most common, some polymorphs can have the same crystal habit. Many crystals show some form of aggregation or intergrowth that is indicative of impurity. These composite crystals may appear in symmetrical forms or in random clusters. Some kinds of aggregation are the parallel growth or the twinning. In the parallel growth one form of a substance grow on the top of another form, the faces and edges of these forms are parallel. Twinning is a way of intergrown between two individuals with similar form which are joined symmetrically about an axis or a plane. 2. Crystallisation: The solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity of solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solvent. When the concentration of the solution exceeds the solubility, the solution is supersaturated and the precipitation is driven. The supersaturation, S is defined with the following equation where c is the concentration of the species and ksp is the equilibrium molecular solubility product. 2.1. Classical or primary crystallization: Once the system is supersaturated, the first particles can grow from solution when a critical nucleus of the new phase is formed. This is the crystallization process in which nucleation is followed by crystal growth. 2.1.1. Nucleation: The nucleation is called classical when the systems do not contain crystalline matter. In classical crystallization the crystal is formed under low reactant and additive concentrations and it is driven under thermodynamic control. Classical nucleation can be divided into two groups. Nucleation if the first formation of the solid phase and is caused by the molecules, atoms or ions aggregation in a saturated solution where the nucleus prefer grow than redissolve. The nucleation can occur spontaneously or being induced artificially and it can be divided in two different types: On the one hand, the homogeneous nucleation occurs when in a supersaturated solution a stable nucleus is formed spontaneously. It is a difficult process where the molecules are coagulated and become orientated into a fixed lattice. A stable nucleus can be result of following collisions between the molecules in solution. Moreover, all the molecules have the same size before growing which is called the critical size rc. The particles smaller than rc will redissolve and the particles larger than rc will continue to the next stage, the crystal growing. On the other hand, the heterogeneous nucleation is induced by surfaces, dust or foreign nuclei present in the solution. This kind of nucleation is common at lower supersaturation levels and is more frequent than homogeneous nucleation which is not a common event because is practically impossible to have a solution completely free of foreign bodies. The barrier of energy decreases in heterogeneous nucleation because there are surfaces available to nucleation in solution. However in a solution with impurities homogeneous nucleation can also occur despite of the heterogeneous one will dominate. 2.1.1. Crystal growth: When a particle larger than the critical size is formed in a supersaturated solution, it starts to grow into a larger size crystal. Crystal growth is a process based in a diffusion of solute molecules or ions from solution to the particle surface followed by an integration process. Therefore, the two principal steps of the crystal growth are: -Diffusion and/or convection mass transport from the liquid phase to the crystal surface. -Surface integration by the incorporation of material into the crystal lattice. This process starts when the particle adsorb a growth unit on its surface. Secondly, the solvation shell of the crystal is lost and the growth unit diffuses into the adsorption layer. Finally, when the growth unit finds a point to be built into the lattice, the solvation shell is completely lost and the growth unit is incorporated to the lattice. The rate of the crystal growth makes variations in the shape of the crystals. Thus, depending on the growth rates, the crystallographic faces of a crystal change. Moreover, crystals with different sizes are obtained depending of the predominance of nucleation or crystal growth. 2.2. Non-classical or secondary crystallization: When the nucleation can be induced by the presence of existing crystals is called non-classical nucleation. In this nucleation, the concentrations of reactant and additives are higher. The high amount of precipitating material produces that crystal nucleus can be formed and grown to nanoparticles which can be aggregated and form polycrystalline particles. However, the nanoparticles aggregation process can be controlled by the use of additives to produce single crystals. Thus, solute crystals present or added in a supersaturated solution make that the nucleation occurs more easily and in a more reproducible way. The single crystals formed by non-classical nucleation are always formed from precursor nanoparticles which can interact and orient themselves into crystalline register. Finally these nanoparticles are attract by der Waal forces and can fuse together into a homogeneous single crystal. The shape of this single crystal is difficult to predict because this process occurs usually by a fast and kinetically controlled pathway. Meldrum and Colfen (2008) described some crystallisation processes that take place by a non-classical nucleation such as the formation of intermediary clusters, the crystallization via amorphous intermediates or the mesocrystallization. The mechanism of non-classical nucleation involves transient particles precursor which are difficult to detect. Thus, the crystallisation is independent of ion products or solubility because the precursor particles are formed independently at different locations. An interesting case of precursor particles are the mesocrystals which are defined as â€Å"colloidal crystals that are build up from individual nanocrystals† (Meldrum and Colfen, 2008). Mesolcrystals are difficult to detect because they have practically the same morphologies and diffraction patterns than single crystals. It was shown that single crystals can be formed by non-classical nucleation via mesocrystal precursor in presence of inh ibitor additives which assist the crystallisation through intermediates (amorphous, metastable or mesocrystals). A schematic representation of classical and non-classical crystallisation pathways is shown in Figure .. Pathway (a) shows the classical crystallisation (in blue) where nucleation clusters appear after nucleation step and they grow to form primary nanoparticles which are amplified to form single crystals. In green is shown the non-classical crystallisation where different intermediates can be formed. The primary nanoparticles can be oriented and interact forming iso-oriented crystals that fuse to form single crystals (b). Primary nanoparticles can also be stabilized and form mesocrystals that fuse to finally form single crystals (c). Finally, amorphous particles can be formed transforming in complicated morphologies (d). Figure 3. Schematic representation of classical (blue) and non-classical nucleation (green). Copied from reference

Tragic Differences :: essays research papers

Tragedy has always been a popular theme in stories and plays. For centuries, people have been captivated by morbidly emotional finales, rather than by happy endings. Stories with a sad outcome fascinate us much more than those, ending on a happy note. Many of the best works of literature are considered to be tragedies. Shakespeare would be a perfect example of a man who had written many delightful comedies; yet, he was more famous for his grave tragedies. People seem to be more attached to something that disturbs them and leaves them uneasy, rather than to something frivolous and amusing. Maybe, it is because tragedies can be very didactic. Maybe, by studying typical causes of tragedy, a person can prevent it from happening in his or her personal life. It is much easier to learn something from someone else's mistakes than from your own. So it is possible that people who really enjoy tragedy do not really enjoy it, but use it to prevent their future misfortunes, if there are any. Othe rwise, how can someone enjoy the pain and the suffering of others? But like everything else tragedy has laws. One of the laws is Hubris. A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, can easily be classified as a tragedy. It is a repulsive story about a woman, who died just as she lived: lonely. Emily Grierson was a peculiar woman, who owned a large house, which was a mystery to many people. She never had any real friends and she never had a spouse. And when she started seeing a man, Homer Barron, everybody was assured that she would marry him. But Mr. Barron was as queer as Ms. Grierson was, so their melding was very unlikely. 'When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, 'She will marry him.'; Then we said, 'She will persuaded him yet,'; because homer himself had remarked – he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elk's Club – that he was not a marrying man.'; (Faulkner 280) Poor woman probably never even had the chance. But shortly after the two had been acquainted, Homer disappeared, and the woman became even more alienated, until she stopped coming out o f her dusky house at all. At the end of the story, we are told that the disintegrating carcass of Mr. Barron was found in Emily's house in the room that had been locked for years. Tragic Differences :: essays research papers Tragedy has always been a popular theme in stories and plays. For centuries, people have been captivated by morbidly emotional finales, rather than by happy endings. Stories with a sad outcome fascinate us much more than those, ending on a happy note. Many of the best works of literature are considered to be tragedies. Shakespeare would be a perfect example of a man who had written many delightful comedies; yet, he was more famous for his grave tragedies. People seem to be more attached to something that disturbs them and leaves them uneasy, rather than to something frivolous and amusing. Maybe, it is because tragedies can be very didactic. Maybe, by studying typical causes of tragedy, a person can prevent it from happening in his or her personal life. It is much easier to learn something from someone else's mistakes than from your own. So it is possible that people who really enjoy tragedy do not really enjoy it, but use it to prevent their future misfortunes, if there are any. Othe rwise, how can someone enjoy the pain and the suffering of others? But like everything else tragedy has laws. One of the laws is Hubris. A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, can easily be classified as a tragedy. It is a repulsive story about a woman, who died just as she lived: lonely. Emily Grierson was a peculiar woman, who owned a large house, which was a mystery to many people. She never had any real friends and she never had a spouse. And when she started seeing a man, Homer Barron, everybody was assured that she would marry him. But Mr. Barron was as queer as Ms. Grierson was, so their melding was very unlikely. 'When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, 'She will marry him.'; Then we said, 'She will persuaded him yet,'; because homer himself had remarked – he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elk's Club – that he was not a marrying man.'; (Faulkner 280) Poor woman probably never even had the chance. But shortly after the two had been acquainted, Homer disappeared, and the woman became even more alienated, until she stopped coming out o f her dusky house at all. At the end of the story, we are told that the disintegrating carcass of Mr. Barron was found in Emily's house in the room that had been locked for years.

Historical documen Essay

Do you believe every historical document or book was true? Before, we consider if the historical documents or books are true; first, we have to look at the historical event with a different point of view because it is easy to get biased information; if we only focus on one side of the event. In the book After The Fact â€Å"The View from the Bottom Rail† by James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle, the authors demonstrate that discovering the historical story of the freed people is difficult because histories deal with â€Å"top rail† rather than the â€Å"bottom rail† of the lower social classes. Therefore, the freed people’s history has become flawed. Writing about a historical event is exceedingly difficult, because we have to consider different points of view. Thus, if a historian focused on only one side of the story, the historical event will remain biased. For example, the history of slavery was biased and was not accurate. According to the authors, the black slaves could not read or write during that time; even if someone could read, they had to hide this skill from their masters. Then, almost of the written books or documents about slavery were written by the white masters. Therefore, the information was not only accurate but also biased because the information came from white masters rather than slaves who actually know the truth. Moreover, although the interviews came from slaves, almost every interviewee experienced slavery by his or her childhood; therefore, the interviews were also biased because they focused on those who survived slavery. As the author explains, â€Å"the average life expectancy of a slave in 1850 was less than fifty years†(Davison and Lytle 180). Thus, when they were interviewed by someone, they were old. Two-thirds of them were over 80 years old; that could lead us to assume that they were treated less harsh than other people who died early because of harsher treatment in earlier years. Moreover, as interviewees get older, their memories could fade, and they could not certainly remember the details. This is common sense that if the event occurred a long time ago, the person could not remember every detail. In addition, the interviewees couldn’t answer honestly because they were scared. One interviewee says,† I’ve told you too much. How come they want all this stuff from the colored people anyway? Do you take any stories from the white people?† (Davison and Lytle 183). Like the interviewee, other interviewees were also scared to speak out about what they really experienced because they thought speaking out frankly would put them in a trouble. Therefore, they could not answer honestly. In retrospect, the slave interviews become flawed, and it was biased, because the interviews were not considering different points of view. Additionally, there was no voice recorder, which could provide us with what the interviewees truly said to the interviewer. Therefore, when we look at historical events, we have to consider different points of view; thus, we do not accept everything we just find out or read. As the authors state, we cannot believe everything at â€Å"face value† before we carefully discover.

Critical Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven The WritePass Journal

Critical Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven Introduction Critical Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Edgar Allen Poe, when people see his name many think of scary or melancholy.   He has written many literary works that have traveled through the ages and become classics studied everywhere.   The Raven published in January of 1845 by The Evening Mirror was the poem that escalated Poe into poet status. Originally it is said that Poe went to his former employer a man named Rex Graham and tried to sell the poem to him but was politely declined but given 15 dollars as a simple charity.1 He later sold the poem to The American Review which gave him 9 dollars for it but published under a pseudonym of Quarles which was an English poet at the time.   It was not until January 29, 1845 that The Evening Mirror gave Poe his fame and published The Raven under his actual name.   The poem was an instant success and set his writing career soaring.   There was much debate and discussion about the meaning and the symbolism of this poem once published.   It caused quite a stir in the literary community.   Critical opinion was divided as to this poems status but it has remained one of the most famous poems ever written. Because of the poems great success Poe wrote a follow up essay called The Philosophy of Composition which described the working of The Raven.   He stated that the poem was written as if it was a mathematical problem.   He stressed that the reader must be able to read the poem in its entirety in just one sitting.   He believed you lost the meaning of the poem and the reader if they had to come back to it.   They should be able to take it all in one read.   Poe stated that a poem should stay somewhere around a hundred lines.   The Raven has exactly 108 lines.   This poem was actually written backwards.   He wrote the 3rd to the last stanza first and then wrote backwards from there.   He stated that the effect was determined first then the whole plot so the web will grow backwards from there for a single effect.   Poe was a great believer that to truly write anything one must first have a truly great plot. The symbolism in The Raven has been the most debated. Poes use of a raven in his poem has always been of great interest.   Many believe he drew from many references.   In Norse mythology Odin had two ravens Huginn and Muninn which represented though and memory. The book of Genesis makes the raven out to be a bird of ill omen.   According to Hebrew folklore, Noah sends a white raven out to check conditions while on the ark.   It learns that the flood waters are receding, but doesnt come immediately back with the news.   It is punished by being turned black and forced to feed on carrion forever.2 According to Adams in Ovidss Metamorphoses, a raven also begins as white before Apollo punishes it by turning it black for delivering a message of a lovers unfaithfulness.3  Ã‚   A lot of his critics believe this is some of the history he may have pulled upon when deciding about what type of bird to use.   By choosing the raven it made the poem more dark and supernatural , especially when Poe is describing the environment the young lover is sitting in while pining over his lost Lenore.   In The Philosophy of Composition Poe stated that he had actually considered using a parrot for the bird but it did not give the supernatural and foreboding feeling that the raven would. The ravens only spoken word through the whole poem is nevermore.   To give this more power in the poem he has the bird come in an perch on the bust of Pallus.   This represents the goddess of wisdom.   He chose this so that when the raven speaks the words nevermore it will possibly give him an air of wisdom instead stock and store being the only word he knows and just speaks it randomly.   He believed by using the raven and having it speak this one word throughout the whole poem it made the nevermores much more powerful when spoken in response to the narrator or young mans questions.   Each time the narrator would ask a question the raven simply answered nevermore.   He wanted to use something that would be utterly non-reasoning so it would have a powerful meaning when speaking, thus the use of the bird. The poem is about an allegedly young man who is sitting alone on a dark and very bleak December night pining over the loss of his one true love Lenore.   He is reading books of lore to help ease the pain of his loss.   It is then that he hears the tapping on the chamber door and opens it to find only emptiness. One can almost feel the bleakness and the loneness he must have felt being alone in his study with barely a fire left and everything dark around him.   It almost is letting you think he is completely lost in his own misery from his loss.   Everything is bleak and dark.   When the raven comes a tapping he at first is startled and then starts questioning that maybe it is something else.   He believes it could be the devil come to torture him over his loss.   He says the raven is from the nights plutonian shore or a messenger for the afterlife.   When after each inquiry he gives the bird it only responds as nevermore.   At first the nevermore response is taken as a silly bird that has only learned only one word and has accidentally flown from his master place, but when the bird actually makes his appearance and sits upon the bust of Pallus the young narrator starts to think maybe there is more to this raven than meets the eye. When the bird has perched upon the bust the young man is mesmerized by his presence and pulls up a chair.   He is now cast in the shadow of this mysterious bird and cannot leave his spot.   He believes many different things of this bird always inquiring about his lost Lenore.   The bird simply answers nevermore.   This at first agitates the man but as the poem continues towards the end he simply admits that his soul is trapped forever under the ravens shadow not to be lifted nevermore.   Here is when one could believe that this is the turning point where the young narrator has finally given in to his sadness and simply doesnt want to go on anymore without his beloved Lenore. The poem is actually sad.   A young man has lost the love of his life and is simply alone in this world and is having trouble entertaining the thought of going on without his missed and mourned love. The whole mood of this poem is very Poe.   Its dark and melancholy and scary no wonder so many have reprinted it.   Another thing this poem is noted for is its poetic structure.   This poem was made up of 18 stanzas with 6 lines each.   According to Richard Kopely the meter is trochaic octameter-eight trochaic feet per line, with each foot having one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.4  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poe claims that the poem is a combination of octameter acatalectic, heptameter catalectic and tetrameter catalectic.   The rhyme scheme is ABCBBB or AA,B,CC,CB,B,B when accounting for the internal rhyme.5 Another structure that this poem uses heavily is alliteration.   Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds in a series of words.   An example would be such as doubting, dreaming dreams.   Edgar Allen Poe was also reported as having a very extensive vocabulary. He would many times use words that were not commonly used.   In The Raven Poe used ancient and poetic language together because he thought it was appropriate because of the meaning of the poem,   A young lover who spends most of his time with books of forgotten Lore.   Examples of words he used in this poem are Seraphim which is a six winged angel standing in the presence of God. Another is Nepenthe which is a potion used by ancients to induce forgetfulness or sorrow.   Balm of Gilead is a soothing ointment made in Palestine. Plutonian the God of the underworld in Roman mythology. Poe believed the use of these words only enhanced the meaning he wanted to achieve in writing The Raven.  Ã‚   The internal words of rapping and tapping and napping create an internal rhyme that is said to be almost musical and combined with the alliteration it becomes hypnotic.   Onomatopoeia is also used throughout this poem.   This is words that sound like what they describe.   An example would be in lines 13-18 where rustling is used. As mentioned earlier the publication of the The Raven made Edgar Allen Poe and instant success.   Not only was it printed for its large demand but also parodied.   These showed up all over the North.   There were some downfalls to this publication.   Although loved and adored there were some who simply did not believe he actually wrote it.   Some believed he stole it from a Charles Dickens Story titled Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty.   The ravens in both stories are said to bear a great resemblance.   An anonymous writer is said to have written in to The Evening Mirror the publication who printed The Raven and suggested that it was plagiarized from a poem called The Bird of the Dream by an unnamed author.   They stated that 18 similarities between the poems existed.   At Poes death his friend Thomas Chivers claimed that Poes Raven was plagiarized from one of his poems and also claimed he was the inspiration for the meter of the poem.   Whatever the case Edgar Allen Poe will always be the one credited for the great masterpiece.   Many speculate that he wrote this poem in either 10 days or maybe 10 years one will never know.   This poem did not bring him much financial success but did make him a literary success.   His friend Elizabeth Barett wrote and told Poe that his raven had created a big sensation over in England.   Many of her friends are overtaken with fear while others are by the music the lyrics seem to display as you read.   Poe received many invitations public and private to recite this poem.   Many thought just to hear him recite this poem was an event in ones life.   Poe would come in and turn the lamp light low until the entire room was almost dark.   He would then stand near the center of the room and start to recite his poem in a very commanding voice.   It was state that the chosen he read this poem to were so mesmerized that they would almost not draw a breathe out of fright until he was done reading this poem.   It takes quite a literary genius to illicit this kind of resonse from an audience listening to something you wrote.   One can only imagine what the mood of the room must have been like, the room dark and foreboding and then one lone voice speaking of a lone young man who is lost and lonely and mourning the loss of his love.   It takes a gifted writer to bring these kinds of emotions to a reader.   Not many have come down in our literary history, especially one who can bring so many emotions to the table when reading one of his poems.   All of his works seem to bring signs of foreboding or gloom around the corner.   Edgar Allen Poe is renowned with this reputation.   If it is dark and melancholy then it has to be Poe. References 1. Silverman, Kenneth, Edgar A Poe: Mournful and never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial. Pg 237 2.   Hirsch, David H. The Raven and the Nightingale .pg 195 3.   Adams, John.Classical Raven Lore and Poes Raven in Poe Studies. Vol. V, no. 2, December 1972. Pg 53 4. Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. Two verse masterworks: The Raven and Ulalume, collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allen Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. New York: Cambridge University press, 2002. Pg 192-193 5. Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allen Poe: A to Z. New York City: Checkmark Books, 2001. Pg 208

Hawaiian Sugar Plantation essays

Hawaiian Sugar Plantation essays In the 1890s, plantation owners devised a plan to use and maintain their cheap labor. Early laborers consisted of mainly Japanese and Chinese origin. Fear of strikes from Japanese laborers occurring and running their plan to continue the cheap labor to the ground caused managers to recruit other workers from other countries. When the contract labor system was terminated, the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association organized ways to keep wages low. One way they constituted their plan was to form wage-fixing agreement between the plantations. Even with laws and restrictions going against immigration of more people from other countries, the association just resorted to other sources of legal labor.. They find workers from other countries like Philippines and Korea. When strikes did break out, it was resolved, such as the 1920 strike in Oahu. Numerous strategies were improvised and were maintained for a period of time to keep wages low, but the efficiency wore down as numerous attempts w ere made by laborers to counter strike with their ways of retaliation. Many sugar plantation laborers were mainly from China and Japan (Takaki, 25). Chinese and Japanese workers were placed on the plantation together to phase off the possibility of disputes or strikes with plantation owners. The first tactic they used was combining Chinese laborers with Japanese laborers, regulating a certain ratio of 2/3rd between the Chinese and Japanese (Takaki, 26). Their hypothesis was that the feud or disputes between the two races would occupy them enough to prevent them from causing an opposition upon the owners. Their plan to use Chinese to dilute the Japanese population on the field was shot down after the annex of Hawaii to The United States Of America. Chinese immigrants were not allowed because immigration laws. In place of the Chinese, Koreans were brought in with the notion that they had enmity toward Japanese. Korean workers started to...

Find a multinational trading or manufacturing organisation of your Research Paper

Find a multinational trading or manufacturing organisation of your choice. Describe and evaluate the changing business environme - Research Paper Example Also explored in this paper is the impact of change on the organizational structure and general performance of the company. Performance was assessed through a comparative analysis of the company’s strengths and that of the competitors. Financial reports were also used to establish the trends of performance as they relate to the various changes undertaken by the company. Introduction PepsiCo Inc., remains one of the leading food and beverage companies both in the United States and in different parts of the world. Over the years, the company has undergone structural and managerial changes aimed towards enhancing its market profile and general performance. Longitudinal inquiries into the company’s potential show that the company has continued to post impressive financial results as a result of strategic changes in its internal systems and supply chain (Bachmeier 141). PepsiCo’s expansion into Asia, Europe, Africa, and other parts of the world demonstrates a determin ed agenda of breaking into new market segments beyond its original geographical niche. The same determination manifests itself through the mergers, acquisitions, and purchases that the company has undertaken in the course of its operation. ... A diversified range of products remains one of the strongest selling points by which PepsiCo manages to maintain an impressive lead on the global market. It might be argued that some of the changes that relate to the company’s change of profile are necessarily linked to market forces, which tend to favor multinationals and bid corporations. On this note, it remains evident that the changes in the processes and structures of the company had some significant impacts in terms of growth and profitability. Sustained competition with other food and beverage companies on the market has occasioned a shift in production methods with the aim of retaining its hold on the market share. The reliance on both carbonated and un-carbonated drinks has allowed the company to attend to the diverse tastes of the market, which also translates into increased revenue flow. One of the competitive advantages that PepsiCo enjoys over its main rival is the diverse product range. Essentially, the performa nce of PepsiCo could be assessed from the perspective of the various factors that attend to the dynamics of global competition. Consistently, PepsiCo has engaged in strategic corporate social responsibility programs that are aimed at promoting healthy nutrition in the wider society. This strategy weighs into public concerns of proper nutrition in the wake of diet-related lifestyle diseases. The Business Environment PepsiCo operates in a highly competitive business environment particularly because it relates to the health and nutrition of populations. The food and beverage business environment attracts new players every year due to the high returns on capital for the successful ventures. The competitive nature of the environment

How effective was development of the Europe economic in 1500 CE Research Paper

How effective was development of the Europe economic in 1500 CE - Research Paper Example The idea of states with a standing army and bureaucratic process began to take root, and this changed the world’s perspective of Europe. This paper will elaborate on the development of Europe economy in 1500 AD and illustrate how this period saw the advancement of technology by great inventions such as gunpowder, relatively advanced ships, improved navigation techniques, and the printing press would be the premise of change in Europe. Changes in Social Structure The chaos of the late middle Ages did not equally affect the inhabitants of Europe. Advancement in military technology and better pikemen in the battlefield challenged the dominance of the knights in battle; the title of being a noble began to reduce in value and stature. The Economic challenges of the Middle Ages saw an increased in labor shortages and this translated to higher prices of commodities (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson 57). The wealth belonging to the people In nobility was cut into by the high inflation o f that time, and this was due to the static value of land which was the base of their wealth. A large number of peasants in Europe had attained the capacity to purchase their freedom from their lords; they began to pay a fixed amount of rent instead of paying them with labor. Due to the high inflation, the rent paid by the tenants was insufficient to satisfy their needs and therefore the value of nobility declined. Not all nobles were affected by inflation; some nobles sought employment from the king and were taken on to join the army or work as courtiers. A good number of people lost their nobility status from having involving themselves with agriculture and commerce like the middle class. Despite the loss in value, nobles were still held in high standing in society; for that reason, the now wealthy middle class began buying nobility titles from the king, surrendering their business oriented lives, settling in landed in landed estates. The provision of buying nobility titles enable d the noble class to be replenished despite its rapidly dwindling numbers. Western Europe did not have any peasants by 1500, most of the former peasants owned their own land by that time. In addition to that, the middle class was getting higher due to their increasing wealth and the positions held in the Kingdom. Recovery of the Economy Europe’s economic rebirth happened on the foundation of agriculture. The aftermath of the conflicts in the middle ages weakened the nobles and the church that had great influence on economic activities. The reduced influence of the church and nobles led to the emergence of well-structured monarchies in Western Europe that safeguarded peace encouraging the growth of commerce and trade. Peasant s that had not lost their lives in the Black Death inherited land belonging to the deceased and were able to improve their standards of living. Agricultural production standards rapidly rose due to the fact the former peasants worked on their own land and this motivated them to work harder than they did before. The improved standards of living and food security fueled an increase in population; it is estimated that the population rose to 70 million from 50 million fifty years earlier (Janssen 89). The economic recovery had a great trickle-down effect that cumulated to the creation of capitalist economic system. The effects were: 1. The rapid population growth had the implication that